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What is Coriolis effect ?

pattern of deflection taken by objects not firmly connected to the ground as they travel long distances around Earth. the Coriolis Effect makes things (like planes or currents of air) traveling long distances around the Earth appear to move at a curve as opposed to a straight line..... The effect of the Coriolis force is an apparent deflection of the path of an object that moves within a rotating coordinate system. The object does not actually deviate from its path, but it appears to do so because of the motion of the coordinate system.

Shubham Rathod Sardar Patel University

The Coriolis effect describes the pattern of deflection taken by objects not firmly connected to the ground as they travel long distances around Earth. The Coriolis effect is responsible for many large-scale weather patterns..... The key to the Coriolis effect lies in Earth's rotation. Specifically, Earth rotates faster at the Equator than it does at the poles. Earth is wider at the Equator, so to make a rotation in one 24-hour period, equatorial regions race nearly 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) per hour. Near the poles, Earth rotates at a sluggish 0.00008 kilometers (0.00005 miles) per hour.
Let's pretend you're standing at the Equator and you want to throw a ball to your friend in the middle of North America. If you throw the ball in a straight line, it will appear to land to the right of your friend because he's moving slower and has not caught up.

Ravi Srivastava University of Lucknow

The Coriolis Effect is named after French mathematician and physicist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) who studied the transfer of energy in rotating systems like waterwheels. As the Earth rotates, circulating air is deflected. Instead of circulating in a straight pattern, the air deflects toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in curved paths. .... This deflection is called the Coriolis effect. ThIs Effect makes currents of air traveling long distances around Earth appear to move at a curve as opposed to a straight line.

Krishnakshi Misra Rajiv Gandhi Central University

The coriolis effect is the apparent acceleration of a moving body on or near the Earth as a result of of the earth's rotation. The coriolis effect is an important determinant of wind direction on a global scale.In the Northern Hemisphere, air moving toward the Equator is deflected to the west, or to the right of its direction of motion. .... Conversely, air moving from the Equator toward the North Pole is deflected to the east. These directions are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere, where the Earth's rotation deflects air to the left. Winds blowing from the south toward the Equator are deflected to the west, and winds traveling from the Equator toward the South Pole are deflected to the east.

Areena Delhi University

it is an effect that is responsible for weather change like cyclones.this effect is mainly due to earths rotation .as the earth rotates the air around it also deflects rather than remain in straight path. so the air is either deflected towards right or towards left which makes things like air currents that are travelling to long distances to move in a curve rather than in a straight line ..... it occurs because earth rotates faster at equator than at poles .velocity has also a role in this effect as it is nearly zero at poles and maximum at equator .it helps to study atmospheric dynamics

Iftisam Gulzar central university of kashmir

The Coriolis effect is the apparent circular motion of long travelling objects/paricles/fluids due to the continuous change in the frame of reference.
It was named after after french mathematician and physicist G. Coriolis..... For example :- If we sit opposite on a marry go round and pass a ball to either one, then the ball will appear to be following an angular/curved path, but this will be observed by only people sitting on the marry-go-round. The person sitting outside that frame will see the ball to follow the regular or linear/parabolic path. This is a simple example of Coriolis effect.
Due to the rotation of the Earth (just like the marry-go-round) the wind currents or circulation Difflects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere (From equator).

Raj Ojha University of Kota

The Coriolis effect is an "apparent" effect, an illusion produced by a rotating frame of reference. This type of effect is also known as a fictitious force or an inertial force. The Coriolis effect occurs when an object moving along a straight path is viewed from a non-fixed frame of reference. Typically, this moving frame of reference is the Earth, which rotates at a fixed speed. When we view an object in the air that is following a straight path, the object will appear to lose its course because of the rotation of the Earth.
This effect was first explained by Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis, a French scientist and mathematician, in 1835. Coriolis had been studying kinetic energy in waterwheels when he realized that the forces he was observing also played a role in larger systems..... The main cause of the Coriolis effect is the Earth's rotation. As the Earth spins in a counter-clockwise direction on its axis, anything flying or flowing over a long distance above its surface is deflected. This occurs because as something moves freely above the Earth's surface, the Earth moves east under the object at a faster speed. As latitude increases and the speed of the Earth's rotation decreases, the Coriolis effect increases. A pilot flying along the equator itself would be able to continue flying along the equator without any apparent deflection. A little to the north or south of the equator, however, and the pilot would be deflected. As the pilot's plane nears the poles, it would experience the most deflection possible.
The most important impacts of the Coriolis effect in terms of geography are the deflection of winds and currents in the ocean. There is also a significant effect on man-made items such as planes and missiles.

Shafia Jan Central university of Kashmir

It is an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather .Coriolis effect is greatest on the pole. The Coriolis effect is absent at the equator.Coriolis force- prevents a direct simple flow from the equator to the poles..... This is also known as 'Ferrel law'.
Cause- Earth rotation is the main reason for the Coriolis effect.
3 things affect Coriolis effect :-
1- Atmospheric rotation patterns.
2-Oceanic circulation patterns.
3-Flight paths.
"The Coriolis effect, which is a result of earth's rotation, causes moving particles such as air to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere".

Nidhi verma Bhanmati smarak p.g. college

Coriolis effect (force)- Earth k rotation se large objects pr lagne wale force ko coriolis effect kehte hai.
Planet earth apni axis pr west to east direction me rotate kerti hai, jis se equator pr coriolis force ka value 0 hota hai and pole pr iska value maximum hota hai..... Due to the earth rotation Northern hemisphere me poles se equater ki or flow kerne wali winds(Northeast stream) equater pr left side me move ker jati hai or equater se poles ki or flow kerne wali winds right side me temperate region me move kr jati hai.
In the southern hemisphere me poles se equater ki or flow kerne wali winds (Southeast stream) equater pr right side me move kr jati hai ,And equater se poles ki or flow kerne wali winds temperate region me move kr jati hai.

Pawan Kumar Ghoslaya BBD Govt. PG,College, Chimanpura, Shahpura, Jaipur, Raj.

" The force exerted by the rotation of the earth is known as the Coriolis force, and the effect due to this is known as Coriolis effect" . The Coriolis effect describes the pattern of deflection taken by objects not firmly connected to the ground as they travel long distances around Earth. The Coriolis effect is responsible for many large-scale weather patterns..... @ Causes of the Coriolis Effect @
# The main cause of the Coriolis effect is the earth's rotation,
# As latitude increases and the speed of the earth's rotation decreases, Coriolis effect increases.
@ Impacts of the Coriolis Effect @
# The water itself is simply moving too fast down the drain to allow for the Coriolis effect to have any significant impact.
# The development of weather patterns, such as cyclones and trade winds, are examples of the impact of the Coriolis effect.
# The weather impacting fast-moving objects, such as airplanes and rockets, is influenced by the Coriolis effect.

Sumedh Sunil Chavan

What is Green Corridor?

A 'green corridor' (also known as wildlife corridor, biological corridor or habitat corridor) is a strip of land that is established to enable the bridging of habitat populations that have been split by human development such as a road, settlement or other human activity. If this is not undertaken, wildlife populations may become unstable and some species (animal and plant) could become vulnerable. Green corridors may also be created in the wake of natural disasters, such as wild fires and disease, to help re-establish the newly reduced wildlife populations..... Once in place, they can allow animals to migrate to new areas if food is in short supply in their usual habitats. Genetic diversity may also be increased as animals may find new mates on the other side of the corridor (the target patch). This can help prevent inbreeding and lowered genetic diversity and is particularly important for small animals and birds. A further bonus may be that animal movement to a target patch may promote indirect effects on plant populations, such as greater pollination and seeding.
There are two types of corridor:
Land corridors - which can be strips of land as narrow as a line of shrubs.
Water corridors ('riparian ribbons') - which may be rivers or streams.

Twinkle Gupta Dr. Harisingh gour university, sagar

A 'green corridor' (also known as wildlife corridor, biological corridor or habitat corridor) is a strip of land that is established to enable the bridging of habitat populations that have been split by human development such as a road, settlement or other human activity. If this is not undertaken, wildlife populations may become unstable and some species (animal and plant) could become vulnerable. .... Green corridors may also be created in the wake of natural disasters, such as wild fires and disease, to help re-establish the newly reduced wildlife populations. Once in place, they can allow animals to migrate to new areas if food is in short supply in their usual habitats. Genetic diversity may also be increased as animals may find new mates on the other side of the corridor (the target patch). This can help prevent inbreeding and lowered genetic diversity and is particularly important for small animals and birds. A further bonus may be that animal movement to a target patch may promote indirect effects on plant populations, such as greater pollination and seeding.
Types of green corridor It is generally accepted that the wider the corridor, the more effective it will be in attracting species to use it. Current thinking favours asymmetrical and random green corridor design as near as possible to a natural environment. There are two types of corridor: Land corridors - which can be strips of land as narrow as a line of shrubs. Water corridors ('riparian ribbons') - which may be rivers or streams.

Shyam Singh bisht Kumaon University Nainital Uttarakhand

Due to developmental activities of human like road, railway construction, the habitat of animal species get fragmented. Habitat fragmentation leads to separation of 1 population into 2 or more. These 2 populations tries to cross the barrier which is artificially constructed by human. Because in one fragment of their original habitat lets say one side of the road they might not get food and mates for longer time. So they tries to cross the road. .... By doing so they may get killed in accidents. As these type of accident cases increases they try not to cross the road and that may lead to smaller population size due to resource deficiency or inbreeding depression. As a whole the balance of the ecosystem gets disrupted. Thats why some overbridges are made for the animals to freely cross the road and that overbridges acts as a means of connection with two fragmented habitats for the terrestrial animals. These overbridges are called as green corridors. They are mainly built for connecting 2 sides of the road in a wildlife sanctuary or national park.

Dhirangkana Bora Visva Bharati University

Green corridor' (also known as wildlife corridor, biological corridor or habitat corridor) is a strip of land that is established to enable the bridging of habitat populations that have been split by human development such as a road, settlement or other human activity.
Need of Green corridor -
Green corridors are an attempt to mitigate negative effects of the built environment of cities and towns. The corridors act as conservation for rapidly extreme intervention and development of the urban environment. Most importantly, it enables dispersal movement of animals within city areas.....
How does Green Corridor work -
Green corridors are made by combined efforts of traffic police and local cops who ensure that organs being transported by ambulance for transplantation reach their destination in the shortest possible time. ... Personnel are stationed at selected points to divert, control and clear the traffic giving way to the ambulance.
How green corridor is created -
green corridor' is a special route that is managed in a way that all the traffic signals that come in the route of the hospital where an organ is harvested and the hospital where it is to be transplanted, are green and controlled manually. ... The earlier an organ is transplanted, the more chances of success.
What is the conclusion of green corridor -
Conclusion: From the survey conducted, it can be perceived that there is a massive lack of awareness about Green Corridor as well as reluctance for organ donation. Therefore, awareness should be created on a large scale so that no person is left oblivious.

Yogesh VPO Ballah District Karnal Haryana

It is an area of habitat connecting wildlife
populations separated by human activities or structures . This allows the exchange of individuals between populations , which may help , prevent the negative effects of inbreeding and reduce genetic diversity (via genetic drift) that often occurs within isolated population . It help in the reestablishment of population that have been reduce or eliminated by random events . Its main purpose to increase biodiversity. ....
In case of medical science green corridor is used in emergency time , in which any transplanted organ or oxygen etc reaches via road in which all signal make green and make area free from other activities.

Annu Yadav Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Green corridor is a special route system in which expedite organ transplant are carried to save lives or any other medical emergency like transportation of oxygen from one place to another in minimum possible time.This system is managed by both traffic department and police department in way that all the traffic signals that come in route of hospital where organ is harvested and where it is to be transplanted are green and controlled manually..... This system is actually devised to handle medical emergencies widely used for purpose of transfer of donated organs. This system ensures that there is no organ wastage. By this special system many lives can b saved , in India this concept is used since 2014 and Chennai was the first city to use this concept and saved a life of 21 year old person , ambulance carried a heart saved a life by covering 14 kms distance in just 12 minutes . Conclusion:- Green corridor is highly specialised system that can save life because it can avail the facility of any kind of medical emergency in shortest possible time.

Arizoo Hamid University of Kashmir

'GREEN CORRIDOR is an area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities or structures such as roads, buildings, farms.'
1)Main goal of implementing green corridors is to increase biodiversity.
2) It is also known as wildlife corridors or habitat corridors.
3) Corridors contribute in following ways:.... a) Colonization: Animals can move and occupy new areas when food sources or natural resources are lacking in their core habitat.
b) Migration: Species can relocate safely when it is not interfered by human development barriers.
c) Interbreeding: Animals can find new mates so that genetic diversity increase, leading to positive impact on overall population.
d) Furthermore, they can also be protected from natural disasters such as wildfires and floods.
4) Corridors can be made in two distinct areas, either water or land.
5) Major wildlife corridors are:
a) Eastern Himalayan Corridors
b)Tandai Tiger Corridors
c) European Green Belt
d)China-Russia Tiger Corridors.

Gayatri Asawa

A green corridor also known as wildlife corridor connects wildlife populations separated due to human activities like road or other structures. It helps in the movement of animals for different purposes as well as dispersal of plants b/w the two populations. .... Also, it avoids or lessens the deaths of animals caused due to movement via roads.

Tripti Tonk DAV PG College Dehradun

# Green Corridor is a portion of land that is developed to allow the bridging of habitat populations which have been disrupted by mankind development such as road,settlements or other Mankind activity.
* Green corridor also known as Biological Corridor, Wildlife Corridor or habitat Corridor. .... **Green corridor helps the wildlife populations to maintain their stability & avoid vulnerability.
***Most importantly it allows dispersal movement of Wildlife animals within city areas.
#Types:
1) Land corridors- Strips of lands (Narrow as a line of shrubs)
2) Water Corridor ( Riparian ribbons)- rivers or streams.
#Example:
*Manhattan waterfront greenway,Newyork.
* Cuernavaca railway linear park,Mexico.

Soumyadip Ghosh Tripura University

"Green Corridor Concept"
A thin strip of land that provides sufficient habitat to" support wildlife", often within an urban environment, thus allowing the movement of wildlife along it.
Common green corridors include railway embankments, river banks and roadside grass verges.....

Harshita Bunkar St. Thomas College ,Bhilai

What is piplantri ?

The villagers of Piplantri plants 111 trees every time a girl child is born and the community ensures these trees survive, attaining fruition as the girls grow up. India has a huge deficit of girls because society is obsessed with the male child and girls are considered financial burdens because of the dowry practices.[2] Over the years, .... people here have managed to plant over 300,000 trees on the village's grazing commons - including Neem, Sheesham, Mango, Amla among others.

Ashwani Anand M G K V P Varanasi Utter pradesh

Piplantri, a village in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, harbors the roots of an ecofeminism tradition that has given rise to the need of self-sustenance through the means of local self-governance. This research aims at providing an insight to the milestone tradition of planting a hundred and eleven tree on the birth of a girl child to symbolize the end of female infanticides and feticides, which was initiated by the Piplantri Panchayat under the governance of Shri Shyam Sundar Paliwal. .... The tradition has contributed to the growth and upliftment of the socio-economic status of women in the village. It has also given rise to female enrollment in schools, and has contributed to the increased rate of employment amongst females. Women of Piplantri have not stepped back from voicing their opinions and engaging in decision making by means of participating in the village politics. The men in Piplantri have also supported and lent a helping hand in the long yet fruitful process of women empowerment.
Additionally, through this research, the developments that have occurred under the Piplantri Model of governance have been showcased. Finally, this study is an ethnographic research that provides an overview of how through affective administration, villages can foster sustainable development.

Twinkle Gupta Dr. Harisingh gour university

1. It is A village located in Rajsamand district in Rajasthan state.
2.Sundar Palival sarpanch of village has created this beautiful idea in the memory of his daughter who died a few years ago.
3.Villagers plant 111 plant whenever a girl child born in their village . Villagers contribute 21000 Rs and also take 10000 Rs from parents and put in a fixed deposit. .... That fixed deposit can be broken when she turns 20 .
4.To avoid termite attack on plant villagers also planted 2.5 million Aloevera plants around them. That Aloevera plant sold and earn money. In this way they welcome girl child in their village and also secure her future.

Vina M. Mangalkar RTMNU, Nagpur

* Piplantri is a village located in Rajsamand district in Rajasthan State, India.
* The villagers of Piplantri plant 111 trees every time a girl child is born and the community ensures these trees survive, attaining fruition as the girls grow up.
* Sh Shyam Sundar Paliwal, the former sarpanch (village head) started this initiative in the memory of his daughter Kiran, who died a few years ago..... * The initiative has also helped the town's economy.
* To keep termites away from the trees, many of which bear fruit, the village has planted more than 2.5 million Aloe vera plants around them. Gradually, the villagers realized that Aloe vera could be processed and marketed in a variety of ways. So the community now produces and markets aloe-based products like juice and gel, among other things.

Mauli Dey Bethune College

1)'Piplantri' is a village situated in Rajasmanad district of Rajasthan.
2) This village has acquired title of 'Eco-feminist', as the villagers are following the tradition of honouring the birth of a girl child by planting 111 trees.
3) Villagers also plant 11 trees whenever someone dies.
4)To ensure financial security after the birth of a girl child, the villagers contribute Rs. 21,000 collectively and take Rs. 10,000 from parents and put it in a fixed deposits..... 5) This initiative was started by the former sarpanch 'Shyam Sundar Paliwal' (in 2006), in the memory of his daughter Kiran.
6)Over the years, people have managed to plant more than 2.5 million trees including Neem, Sheesham, Mango, Amla, Aloevera and many more.
7)The initiative also helped the town's economy, the village has set up women's cooperatives that create products from Aloe vera such as juices, food items, gels to sell in the village.
8) Piplantri's water harvesting plan has involved trapping water runoff and increasing the ground water level by building ditches, buds and dams.

Gayatri Asawa

Piplantri is a village in Rajasthan , in this village girls were thought to be burden in families and if a girl was born there she was deliberately killed but fortunately a man in that village took an initiative ,that when a girl child will be born 111 tress will b planted and certain amount by her parents(10000) & by villagers(21000) is deposited on behalf her as fixed amount ,when girl attains maturity she can use that amount for her studies . By this initiative He saved life of girls in memory of her own daughter and simultaneously saved the planet by planting more and more trees..... Now in this village girls are no more considered as burden instead their birth is celebrated as festival and 111 plants are being planted and that also remain as property of that girl child as she can use it as future asset.As these plants include Neem , Alovera , Mango etc.millions of Alovera plants are planted over there and now the villagers market alovera products like gels ,juices, pickles and raised their economy.and must b taken every where in the world so that girls can b saved and welcomed with respect and honour.

Arizoo University of Kashmir

When we think of Rajasthan we get an image of endless desert with camels. I was fortunate enough to see the vegetation in the midst of this so called west land which comes alive with trees water and daughters. come to Piplantri where trees are sons and brothers. Piplantri is a small village with a population around 6000. In the district Rajsamand in Rajasthan, India. It has gained immense global attention for its successful practice of eco- feminism..... In a country that still favour the birth of a son Piplantri not only embraces daughter but has also created a tradition that benefit the village and it's environment. This is the story of one man's (Mr. Shyam Sunder) mission in a village to save Piplantri's daughter and it's nature. After his daughter death around 2006 he came up with innovative schemes fully utilizes the government funds and project. In the memory of his daughter, Paliwal started an initiative of planting 111trees when a girl child is born. In 2005 Piplantri fell prey to deforestation due to marble mining which has several bad effects like decreasing water level, habitat destruction etc. But now a days there have more then 3 lakhs trees, water level up, reducing water scarcity environment is much pure.

Rimpa Pal The university of Burdwan

It is an eco-friendly village in rajasthan, district Rajsamand,India.The former sarpanch or the head of the village Sh. Shyam sundar paliwal has started a initiative in the memory of his daughter who died a few years ago that when a girl child is born the villagers plant 111 trees.And also they collect money from the villagers rs.21000, and 10000 from girl child parents and make a fixed deposit..... This fd is helpful for the education of the girl child.This initiative also helped the town economy. The villagers make a conscious effort to save the girl child and also has created a tradition that benefit both people and planet. By planting trees they also prevent the nature and maintain the greenery.

Bindu sharma Banasthali Vidyapith

* Piplantri is a village located in Rajsamand district in Rajasthan state.
* Here villagers plant 111trees every time a girl is born and the community ensure these trees survive attaining fruition as the girls grow up.
* Village's former sarpanch Shyam Sunder paliwal starting this initiative in the memory of his daughter 'kiran'.... * For the last several years , Piplantri village Panchayat has been saving girl children and increasing the green cover in and around it at the same time .
* People also plant 11 trees whenever a family member dies.
* Villagers and girl's father contribute to saving 31000 which used in girl's educatio

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Piplantri Piplantri is a village located in Rajsamand district in Rajasthan. It is a well known place due to ecofriendly practice of its villagers. The villagers of Piplantri plants 111trees every time a girl child is born and the community ensure that these tree survive attaining fruition as the girls grow up. This great initiative is started by Shyam Sundar Paliwal, the former sarpanch in the memory of his daughter Kiran. .... The villagers also ensures financial security, proper education to every girl child who born and restrict child marriage. In a country that still favours the birth of a son, Piplantri village in Rajasthan not only embrace daughter but also has created a tradition that benefits both the local people and the Planet. This brilliant ecofriendly exercise not only inspire India but also the rest of world. We all should add this tradition in our custom either we are hindu , Muslim or any religion. We should make our earth green and clean.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

What are four important contributions of Charles Elton in Ecology ?

Charles Elton contributes to the development of animal conservation biology.
With Arthur Tansley a national policy on conservation of animals implemented.
provided with concept of ecological niche
food chain /web/pyramid of numbers of animals.....
Contribute to biological invasions and ecological stability.

Mansi Gupta Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

1)Charles Elton was the father of animal ecology.He founded the Bureau of animal population at Oxford in 1932.
2)He gave the ecological niche concept in in 1927 which is also known as foraging niche concept which states that animal niche as it's place in the biotic environment.
3)He also gave his contribution to concept of ecological pyramids in ecology- the concept of ecological pyramid was first given by Charles Elton..... 4) He also contribute important role in concept of food chain in ecology.-food chain were popularized in a book published in 1927 by Charles Elton.
5)He was a leader in documenting the phenomenon of animal population cycles and seeking the causes.

Shradha SPU

1. Charles Elton defined the niche of a species in terms of "who eats who" - the energetic niche concept which takes explicit account of trophic interactions between species.
2. Charles Elton is considered the father of invasion ecology. He used the term invasive species, and published a book titled "The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants" in 1958.
3. The concept of ecological pyramid was first introduced by Charles Elton..... 4. Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food chain, food web & food size in his classical 1927 book "Animal Ecology".

RAMYA OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

CHARLES ELTON IN ECOLOGY:- Charles Elton is widely regarded as a key figure in the development of ecology as a science in the first half of the twentieth century, having contributed greatly to the concepts of the food web, the ecological niche and the pyramid of numbers, as well as to the study of population cycles, biological invasions and the notion that biological diversity confers ecological stability. To the extent that his contributions to conservation and conservation biology are recognised at all outside Great Britain, they are often seen as influenced by his long .... friendships with Aldo Leopold and Arthur Tansley. In fact, Elton's interest in conservation developed apace with his devotion to the scientific study of biological populations and communities and his contributions to conservation biology arose directly from his ecological research. In particular, he repeatedly stressed that ecological research demonstrated that nature reserves could not simply be established and protected but had to be managed in light of various dynamic processes that invariably arise within them. Conversely, he frequently adduced as one reason for nature reserves their usefulness for the study of ecological dynamics and interactions. Elton became so engaged in conservation activities that, despite a congenital impatience with committee work and administration, he heavily influenced the development of a British national policy on conservation, advised on the structures that would aid implementing this policy and served for seven years on a key committee established by this police.

Jaswinder singh University of jammu

1. It contributed greatly to the concepts of the food web.
2. the ecological niche.
3. pyramid of numbers..... 4.as well as to the study of population cycles.
5, biological invasions and the notion that biological diversity confers ecological stability.

Ashwani Anand M G K V P Varanasi Utter predesh

At the age of 26, Elton published a book named "Animal Ecology" (1927). He wrote - " Food is the burning question in animal society and the whole structure and activities of the community are dependent upon questions of food supply." He championed the concept of Niche ( Foraging Niche concept - 1927). The concept of a Food Chain was also developed by him that one organism eat another, who in turn is eaten by another, and so on..... He also adopted the concept of a food cycle which today is known as Food Web. Elton also acknowledged the concept of certain key species, today known as Keystone Species whose presence is not proportional to their number but are essential for of ecosystem.

Jyoti University of Delhi

*Contributions of Charles Elton in Ecology:
1. Charl Elton was the father of Animal Ecology. He founded Bureau of Animal Population(1932)some of his research captured in 'Peter crowcroft's book.
2.He is a inventor of the concept of the food chain,food web,ecological niche.He developed the idea of ecological pyramid therefore termed as'Eltonian Pyamids'..... 3.In (1927)He found the field of animal ecology and wrote text book on animal ecology.In (1942)He published his study on voles,mice and Lemming.
4.In (1958) He worked on 'The ecology of invasion by animals and plants'.

Pradnya Prakash Jadhav Shivaji university kolhapur

1. Eltonian pyramid of number- Why no. of predators decrease across successive trophic levels. eg- Phytoplankton>zooplankton>Small fish >large fish
2. Invasive species- High invasion in the disturbed habitat than the stable.( No competition no predators pressure).... 3. Population cycle- regulation of population by food supply, predation disease & some climatic factors or natural selection.eg-(Top down and botton up control)
4. Eltonian niche- Species live in a same habitat but they consume different type of food resources at different trophic levels favour coexistence.For eg. Bac sps A,B,C consume sequently Protein Fat & carbohydrates.

KARISHMA SHARMA Brij University

1-He gave foraging concept of niche. According to this 'the niche of an animal means it's place in the biotic environment,it's relations to food and enemies/predators'.
2- In 1932 Elton established his bureau of an animal population at Oxford. It becomes a world center for the collection of data on variations in animal numbers and a research institute in terrestrial ecology..... 3- Elton work on mice and voles enabled to assign his bureau at the outbreak of World war 2 the task of finding practical methods of controlling rodent pest. A study that saved his country from much loss of food during those critical years.
4- In 1958 he discussed in the ecology of invasions of animals and plants . The effect produced by the spread of organisms introduced into an area by both natural and human agencies.

Nidhi verma Bhanmati smarak p.g. college

Sir Charles Elton is widely regarded as a key figure in the development of Ecology, his contributions revolutionised the field of ecology. He was deeply interested in conservation and developed a pace with his devotion to the scientific study of biological populations and communities and his contributions to conservation biology arouse directly from his ecological research. At his early age (26) he published his first book " Animal Ecology" in 1927..... This book was his greatest achievement and in this book he described various ecological concepts.He championed the concept of 1."The Niche" means the role that a species played in its community ,this concept allowed ecologists to make predictions about the structure of animal communities. Secondly he beautifully described the another important concept that is 2."Food chain" means that one organisim eat another who in turn is eaten by another and so on. Then he further extended this concept and finally gave feeding relationships within community.
Next he gave concept of 3."Pyramid of numbers" this was outcome of food chains ,in which he explained that only few links often are extended before there would not enough resources to support next level,means that with every tropic level number of individuals gets reduced .After continuous efforts he realised that some parasites or some other animals change their feeding habits as they grow and can skip some level in a particular food chains and can target some other food chain to satisfy their energy levels and adopted the concept of a 4."Food cycle" Known today as " Food web". His contributions helped ecologists to understand the ecology and ecological mechanisms in a better way. For his work he was honoured and warded by Darwin Medal in 1970 by Royal society and Linne Medal of the linnean society of London.

Arizoo University of Kashmir

What is the Project BOLD ?

BOLD- Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought. The Khadi and Village Industries Commission ( KVIC) under the ministry of Micro,small and medium Enterprises has launched the project BOLD to celebrate 75 years of independence "Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav"..... Its aim is to boost the income of tribal people and solve environmental concerns.It aims to create bamboo- based green patches of land in arid and semi - arid zones. BOLD was launched on 4 th june 2021 from the tribal village Nichla Manda in Udaipur,Rajasthan. In BOLD project bamboos are chosen because bamboo are also known for conserving water and reducing evaporation from the land surface, which is an important feature in arid and drought prone areas and bamboo can also used to control pollution by making use of bamboo charcoal,which has absorption properties,and bamboo roots helps in controlling erosion as it makes a water barrier and bamboo helps to decrease water pollution.

Shradha Sharma Dr.shyama Prasad Mukherjee University

The khadi and village industries commission (KVIC) launched a project named Bamboo Oasis on lands in drought (BOLD) from the village Nichla Mandwa in Udaipur Rajasthan..... Under the project 5000 saplings of special bamboo species -Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa polymorpha from assam have been planted over 16acres of vacant arid Gram Panchayat land of village. The reason for selecting bamboos is that it grows very fast and in about 3 year could be harvested.And also known for reducing evaporation of water from land surface . Significance- reduce desertification and act as havens of sustainable development and food security.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

1) Project BOLD stands for 'Bamboo Oasis on Lands in droughts'.
2)Under project BOLD, 5000 samplings of special Bamboo species 'Bamboo Tulda' and 'Bamboo Polymorpha' from Assam have been planted. ....
3)Over 16 acre of vacant arid Gram panchayat land of village of Nichla Mandwa has been used for plantation.
4) This project has been initiated by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and there aims are:
a)To provide livelihood opportunities for local and tribel peoples in making handicrafts, paper, bamboo furniture, textiles, bags etc.
b)To protect land from degradation, preventing desertification in the country and creating bamboo based green patches on land in arid and semi-arid zones.
c)To boost economy by using bamboo for construction purposes to save the cost of timber, bricks and steel.
5) Reason for choosing Bamboo for developing green patches are:
a)They are evergreen perennial flowering plants.
b)Fast growing and can be harvested in 3 years.
c)It is known for conserving water and reducing evaporation of water from land surface.
d)It devours high amount of nitrogen and help to decrease water pollution.Thank you!

Gayatri Asawa

The khadi and village industries commission (KVIC) launched a project named BAMBOO OASIS ON LANDS IN DROUGHT (BOLD) village nichla mandwa in Udaipur , Rajasthan. ....Under the project 5000 sampling of special bamboo species Bambusa tulda and Bambusa polymorpha from Assam have been planted over 16 scres of vacant arid gram Panchayat land village Nichala Mandwa . KVIC has thus created a world record of planting the highest number of bamboo sampling on a single day at one location . It is the first of its kind exercise in india . It seeks to create bamboo based green patches in arid and semi arid land zone . It has been launched as a part of KVIC's KHADI BAMBOO FESTIVAL to celebrate 15teen years of independence , AZADI KA AMRIT MAHOTSAV. Reason for selecting bamboo - Fast growing. It conserve water and reduce evaporation of water from soil . Which is an important features of drought prone region. Significance- It will reduce desertification and provide livelihood and multidisciplinary rural industry support. It will also act as havens of sustainable development and food security.

Annu Yadav Village Bankipur Rani Ki Sarai Azamgarh

"BAMBOO OASIS ON LAND IN DROUGH". The bold is khadi and village industries commision(KVIC).Nichlamandwa in udaipur ,Rajasthan Under this project 5000 sapling of seciec Bambusa tulda and B.polymorpha from assam have been planted over 16acere of vacant arid gram panchayat.the KVIC has created the world record of planting the highest number of bamboo sapning on a single day at one location. ....It is the first of its exersise in India .it creat the bamboo based green patched in arid zone It has been launched as part of KVIC"khadi bamboo festival" to celebrate 75 years independence "Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav. SIGNIFICANCE:-
1.It is fast growing plant can be harvested in 3 years.
2.In India bamboo cover 13.96milion hector of area with 136 soecies.
3.It is reduce the desrtification and provide livehood and multidisiplinary rular industry support .
4.It also act on sustainable development ,food security.comertial importance like making furniture,handicraft,pulp,constuction work etc...
ENVIORMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:-
1.it reduce the evaporation of water from land surface
2.It use to control pollution,soil erotion,land degradation.
3.It protect from uv rays ,reduce 35%co2 and diliver more o2.
IMPACT:- it accelerate climatic changes and biodiversity contribution to drough ,wild fire,involutionary,migration,and emergence of "zoonotic infectious disease ".
CHALLANGES:-
1.25%land have been degraded. Land pollution he scientist recently warned that 24billion tons of fertile soil being lost per years.
2.95%land could be degraed by 2050. The world population is increased by about 35%to 9.7 billion in2050 wih rising demand of agricutture product including food ,feed,fiber and feul. So it is a initiative step to protect our enviormnet.

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshespur woes college,jamshedpur jharkhand.

A unique scientific exercise serving the combined national objectives of reducing desertification and providing livelihood and multi-disciplinary rural industry support has been initiated by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC). ....The project named "Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought" (BOLD) is the first of its kind exercise in India which was launched from July 4 2021 the tribal village Nichla Mandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan. This project are bost the economy. The reason for selecting bamboo plant for this project is Bamboo grows very fast and can be harvested within 3 years.They are famous for conserving water and reducing water evaporation from the land, making it perfect to grow in arid regions. Under the project, 5000 saplings of special bamboo species i.e. Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Polymorpha have been planted over 16 acres approx. of vacant arid Gram Panchayat land. The benefits or advantage of this project is -
1. It will help in reducing the land degradation percentage of the country.
2. It will be a haven of sustainable development and food security. Detailed information on Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs can be read here.
3. The bamboo plantation program in Udaipur will boost self-employment in the region.
4. It can provide livelihood opportunities for locals and tribal men and women in the form of handicrafts, making bamboo furniture, culinary items, paper, bags, handbags, textile, household items, to name a few.

Dipanjan Das Raiganj University

A unique scientific exercise serving the combined national objective of reducing desertification and providing livelihood and multi-disciplinary rural industry support has been initiated by khadi and village industries communication (KVIC). ....The project named " Bamboo oasis on land in drought"(BOLD). Bold is the first of its kind exercise in India which was launched from The tribal village Nichlamandwa in Udaipur Rajasthan. Objective 5,000 saplings of special bamboo species- Bambusatulda and Bambusapolymorpha specially brought from Assam- have been planted over 25 bigha (15 acres) of vacant arid gram panchayat land. KVIC has thus created a world record of planting the highest number of bamboo sapling on a single day at one location. Project bold which seeks to create to bamboo based green patches in arid and semi - arid land zones. KVIC has judiciously chosen bamboo for developing green patches. Bamboo grow very fast and about three years time they could be harvested . Bamboo are also known for conserving water and reducing evaporation of water from land surface.

Nidhi Verma Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh university (Ayodhya)

Project BOLD full form is Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought. In india , 1st launched this project on 4th july 2021 from the tribal village nichla mandwa in rajasthan . Under this project, bamboo trees are planted on the semi-arid and arid zones of the lands. ....Advantage of the project:
1. This project helps to reducing land degradation percentage of the lands.
2. It helps large no of women and unemployed youths to get the job.
3.it prevent desertification in the country.
Improvement of the project:
1. 500 bamboo sapling species of Bambusa taluda and Bambusa polymorpha from assam have been planted.
2. 16 acres of vacant arim gram panchayat land of village nichla mandwa has been for plantation of bamboo.
Reason for choosing the bamboo species:
1. Bamboo is evergreen perennial flowering plant.
2. It reducing evaporation of water on the land .
3. It is first growing plant and also harvesting in 3 years.

Sujata bera Vill - Hamarjita, P.O- Rasan , Dist - purba medinipur , West Bengal

The Ghati and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) has launched the project BOLD ( Bamboo Oasis of Lands in Drought) to increase the renumeration of tribal areas and to take care of the environment by having green patches of bamboo in the decertified and degraded land of Nichla Mandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan. ....Under this project, 5000 saplings of special bamboo species - Bambusa tulda and Bambusa polymorph from Assam have been planted over 16 acres of vacant arid land of village Nichla Mandwa. By this, KVIC has made a world record of planting large number of saplings in one day. KVIC replicated this project in Dholera district in Ahemdabad, in Gujarat and in Leh Laddakh by August 2021. It has been launched as a part of KVIC's 'Khadi Bamboo Festival' to celebrate 75 years of independence "Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav".
Significance:-
1. It will reduce desertification and provide livelihood and in multi-disciplinary rural industry support such as in making furniture, handicrafts,paper-pulp, construction work, etc.
2. It will also acts as heavens of sustainable development and food security.
Why Bamboo?
Bamboo reduces evaporation of water from land aurface. It used to control pollution by making bamboo charcoal having absorption properties. It protects against U.V. rays, reduce upto 35% CO2 in climate and deliver more oxygen.

Vibhuti Agarwal

Bold(Bamboo oasis on lands in draught) is a project launched by the KVIC in the village Nichla Mandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Key points ....Under the project 5000saplings of bamboo species _Bambussa tulda, &Bambussa polymorpha from Assam have been planted over 16acres of vacant arid land of village Nichla Mandawa.
Advantages of selecting bamboo
It grows very fast and about three years they could be harvested.
It also conserve water and reduce evaporation of water from land.
Significance
It will reduce desertification .
Provide livelihood & multi disciplinary rural industry support.
Thank you

Khushbu Afrin Magadh university ,Bodh Gaya (Bihar)

What You Know About Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve ?

'Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve'
1) Biosphere Reserves are the protected areas meant for the conservation of biodiversity and also traditional life of the tribals living in the vicinity.
2) Biosphere Reserves are the international designation by UNESCO, which tries to balance economic and social development and maintenance of associated values along with the preservation of nature.
3)The Odisha government has proposed a second biosphere reserves in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri, a hill ecosystem having rich biodiversity.....
4)The area of Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is around 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats.
5)It is inhabited by the Soura people, a particularly vulnerable tribal group as well as the Kandha tribe.They practice shifting cultivation.
6)The hill ecosystem is acting as the transitional zone between the flora and fauna of Southern India and the Himalayas.This makes the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversity.
7) Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve has diverse vegetation.The rich flora there represents 40% of reported flora of Odisha, with around 1358 species of plants.Also 29 species of threatened medicinal plants are found there.
8)The faunal diversity of the hills consists of 388 species of animals, including 27 species of mammals, 165 of birds, 23 of snakes, 15 of amphibians, 3 of turtles and 19 of lizards.

Gayatri Asawa

'Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve'
Odisha government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri.Similipal Biosphere Reserve is Odisha's first such reserve, which was notified in 1996.
The area of the proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats and is near the Mahendragiri peak.
Soura Tribe:
They are a Munda ethnic group from eastern India living in southern Odisha and north coastal Andhra Pradesh.They are known by various names such as Savara, Sabara, Sora, and Soura.The Soras speak Sora, a Munda language
They practice shifting cultivation, with a few gradually taking up settled agriculture.Biosphere Reserves....
Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems.
BRs are designated to deal with the quest for economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values.BRs are thus special environments for both people and nature and are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each others' needs.Criteria for BR
A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation.The core area should be typical of a bio-geographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels in the ecosystem.
The management authority to ensure the involvement/cooperation of local communities to bring variety of knowledge and experiences to link biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development while managing and containing the conflicts.Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of environment.

Jaswinder singh University of jammu

Recently, the state government Odisha has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri
Area and Location:- Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is around 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats.....
This ecosystem acts as a transitional zone between the flora and fauna of southern India and the Himalayas, making the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversities.
Flora: The rich flora in Mahendragiri represents 40 percent of the reported flora of Odisha, with around 1,358 species of plants.
Fauna: The faunal diversity of the hills consists of 388 species of animals, including 27 species of mammals, 165 species of birds, 23 species of snakes, 15 species of amphibians, three species of turtles and 19 lizards.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

The Mahendragiri mountain situated amongst the Eastern Ghats at an elevation of 15101 meters.The government of Odisha has proposed a second biospere reserves in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri .MoEF and and government of odisha it is recognised as biodiversity hot spot in 1986 because wide range of variety flora and fuana.....
It reserve around 470955 hectare and spread over Gajapati and Ganjan district in the eastern ghats.This ecosystem acts as transition state zone between flora and fuana .It represents about 40% of the reported flora of odisha ; around 1358 species of plants. And fuana having 388 species of animals; 37 species of ; mammals; 265 species of birds ; 23 species of snakes; 25 species of amphibians and 19 species of lizard. It is listed in tentative list of UNESCO world heritage sites.It is inhibited by the soura people and kandha tribe .

Radha Nayakwadi Shree. Vanketeshwara college of science, peth.

The Odisha state government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri.
It will be the second biosphere reserve. If the move is accepted, our count of biosphere reserves increases to 19.Mahendragiri is a hill ecosystem having rich biodiversity.
Area and location- Mahendragiri biosphere reserve is arround 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam district's in the Eastern Ghats.....
The hill ecosystem is acting as a transitional zone between the flora and fauna of southern India and Himalayas. This makes the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversity.
29 of the 41 species of threatened medicinal plants found in Odisha are found in Mahendragiri (IUCN report).Mahendragiri hills is home to over 600 flowering plants.
Highest peaks of Odisha
1- Deomali- 1762 mt.
2-Mahendragiri- 1501mt.
3- Singaraju Prabat - 1411mt.
MOEFCC, Gol had proposed the state government of Odisha, in 1986 to declare the Mahendragiri hill as a biodiversity hotspot area.
Mahendragiri is inhibited by the Soura people, a particularly vulnerable tribal group as well as the Kandha tribe.
The rich flora in Mahendragiri represents 40% of the reported flora of Odisha, with arround 1,358 species of plants.
Similipal biosphere reserve is Odisha's first reserve and was notified May 20,1996.

Nidhi Verma Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University ( Ayodhya)

The goverment proposed to "Mahendragiri biosphere reserve" in Odisha.it is a second biosphere reserve the first one is "Simplipal biosphere reserve".
* It is a part of "Mayurbhanj" distict.it is spread in eastern ghat od Odisha distic of "Gajapati and Ganjam".
*its area is about 470955 hecter.
*MOEFCC Gol had proposed the state goverment of Odisha in 1986to declear the Mahendragiri hill as a biodiversity hotspot.....
*the rich flora in Maheragiri is represented 40%of reported flora of Odisha with around 1,358 species of plants.
*according to IUCN REPORT 29of the 41%threatened medicinal plants found in Odisha are found in Mahendragiri.
*Mahendragiri hill is over 600 flowering plants.
*the hill of ecosystem act as a transition zone between the flora ans southern India and the Himalyas making the region an ecosystem of genetic diversity.
*it is also important for "SAURA"and "KANDHA"tibble people live in a perticular vulnarable trible groups.
*the peak of Mahendragiri is "1501m".

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshedpur womens college ,jamshedpur

Mahadragiri biosphere reserve is associated with ramayana as mahendra parvata( mountain).
1. It is the 2nd most biosphere reserve of odisha which is a hill ecosystem with high biodiversity.
2.Mahendragiri biosphere reserve is around 470,955 hectares area and is spread over gajapati and Benjamin district in eastern ghat.
3. This hill ecosystem act as a transition zone between flora and fauna of south india and himalaya. ....
4. There genetic diversity is highly present.
5. According to UNESCO,29 of 41 species of threatened medicine plant found in this biosphere reserve.
6."soura " a particularly vulnerable tribal group inhibited in this area.
7. In this biosphere reserve high rate of flora present around 1,358 species.

Sujata bera Egra sarada shashi bhushan collage (vidyasagar university) west bengal

Odisha government proposed 2nd Biosphere Reserve at Southern part of the state, Mahendragiri Hills, which hosts rich biodiversity of flora and fauna and are a part of Eastern Ghats.The area of proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is around 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in Eastern Ghats.
The hill ecosystem acts as a transitional zone between diversity of Southern India and Himalayas making an ecological estuary of genetic diversities.....
According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) report, 29 of the 41 species of threatened medicinal plants found in Odisha at Mahendragiri Hills, which is also a home for over 600 flowering plants.The peak of Mahendragiri Hills is about 1501m. MoEFCC ( Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change), Government of India proposed the State Government of Odisha in 1986 to declare Mahendragiri Hills as Biodiversity Hotspot area.
It is also inhabited by Soura people- a vulnerable tribal group and Kandha tribe. The rich flora at Mahendragiri represents 40% of reported flora of Odisha with around 1358 species of plants.It's fauna diversity consist of 388 species of animals including 27 of mammals, 165 of birds, 23 of snakes, 15 of amphibians, 3 of turtle and 19 of lizards.

Vibhuti Agarwal Egra sarada shashi bhushan collage (vidyasagar university) west bengal

Mahendragiri biosphere reserve is recently proposed biosphere reserve in odisha. Mahendragiri is a hill inhabited by saura and khanda tribe. Biosphere reserve are legally protected areas to conserve the flora and fauna. Mahendragiri hill ecosystem rich in biodiversity. It accounts for 40% flora of total reported flora of odisha.....
29 of the 41 threatened species of medical plants. Faunal diversity accounts for 388 species like turtles, lizards etc. Biosphere reserves are mainly demarcated to provide an ecosystem that enables co existence of humans and animals.

Bhawana Choudhary St. Wilfred's girls pg college, Jaipur

The Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve:-
The Mahendragiri hills host a rich biodiversity of fauna and flora and are part of the Eastern Ghats.
The Odisha Government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri, a hill ecosystem having rich biodiversity. The 5,569- square kilometres similipal Biosphere Reserve is Odish's first such reserve and was notified May 20,1996. This hill has historical, mythological, envirnmental and archeological importance and it needs protection and conservation. ....
The hilltop has ancient temples of Kunti,Yudhistir, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakul and Sahadev of Mahabharata representing the architectural marvels.Lord Shiva is known as Gokarneswar in the Kunti temple here. Every year thousands of pilgrims throng to this hilltop on the occasion of mahashivratri puja.Besides the hill has water stream and origin of the Mahendratanaya River it has many plant and animal species and famous for numerous medicinal plants and orchids.
Several wild animals are found in the Mahendragiri hill forest. It is a natural habitat of primitive tribes too and they lead a life and seeds, arrowroot, date plam, bamboo, medicinal plant and other things. Degradation of ecosystem of this important place should be stopped by declaring this hill as a Biosphere Reserve. A Biosphere creates opportunity for all kinds of eco-development activities and ecotourism.

Komal Pawar Srtmu Nanded

What you know about Lemru elephant Reserve ?

'LEMRU ELEPHANT RESERVE'
1)Lemru is one of two elephant reserves planned to prevent human-animal conflict in the region, with elephant moving into Chhattisgarh from Odisha and Jharkhand.
2)These reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh.
3)Reserve is important because we have to protect Elephants as they are Keystone Species. North Chhattisgarh along is a home to over 240 elephants..... More than 150 elephants have died in the state over last 20 years due to human animal conflicts as elephant started straying into inhabited areas, looking for food.
4)LER is a promising habitat not only for elephants but for leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears and also lot of endemic bird species.
5)These Lemru Elephant Reserve now became a part of controversy as the area proposed under reserve is a part of Hasdeo Aranya forest, a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposits. Of 22 coal blocks in the area, 7 have already been allotted with mines running in 3, and in the process of being established in the other 4 .
6)Recently, the Chhattisgarh government has proposed to reduce the area of Lemru Elephant Reserve from 1,995 sq km to 450 sq km.
7)The biggest challenge in increasing the reserve area was that several coal mines would become unusable.

Gayatri Asawa

About Lemru elephant reserve:- Recently, the Chhattisgarh government has proposed to reduce the area of Lemru Elephant Reserve from 1,995 sq km to 450 sq km. The Centre gave its approval in 2007 for the creation of the 450 sq km Lemru Elephant Reserve and in 2019, the state government decided to increase the area to 1,995 sq km..... The reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh. The reserve is aiming at reducing human-animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanent habitat to the elephants. Earlier, the state government notified the reserve (Conservation Reserve) in October 2020 under Section 36A of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA). Section 36A has a special provision that gives the Union government a say in the process of notification in case the land to be notified as conservation reserve has areas belonging to the Centre. Elephant reserves are not recognised under the WLPA.

Vikky Saini Department of Zoology university of Rajasthan

The reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgar. The reserve is aiming at reducing human-animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanent habitat to the elephants Significance of Reserve-.... North Chhattisgarh alone is home to over 240 elephants. More than 150 elephants have died in the state over the last 20 years, including 16 between June and October 2020. the Chhattisgarh government has proposed to reduce the area of Lemru Elephant Reserve from 1,995 sq km to 450 sq km. The Centre gave its approval in 2007 for the creation of the 450 sq km Lemru Elephant Reserve and in 2019, the state government decided to increase the area to 1,995 sq km.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar Rajasthan

The chhattisgarh government has proposed to reduce the area of Lemru Elephant Reserve from 1,995 sq km to 450 sq km. The centre gave its approval in 2007 for the creation of the 450 sq km Lemru Elephant Reserve and in 2019, the state government decided to increase the area to 1,995 sq km. 142 villages will come under the elephant reserve, he added..... The reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh. The reserve is aiming at reducing human animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanent habitat to the elephants. At present 237 wild elephants are roaming in Surguja,Bilaspur and Raipur forest circles, he added.Reason for reducing size The area proposed under the reserve is part of the Hasdeo Aranya forests, a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposits. The biggest challenge in increasing the reserve area was that several coal mines would become unusable. North chhattisgarh alone is home to over 240 elephants.More than 150 elephants have died in the state over the last 20 years.

Nidhi Verma Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University (Ayodhya)

1) it is situated in Cobra distict of chattisgarth.
2) it develop to prevent human-elephant conflict.
3) it is part of "elephant corridor" which connecthe"Lemru",Badalkhol",Tamorpingla" elephant reserve.
4) according to this proposal "Hasdev is part of"Arnay" which is rich in coal area in which out of them 3coal minning work is going on.....
5) Lemru elephant reserve is develop in 1995.48 square kelo meter .142 villege come under the elephant reserve . The firest minisrty said that this decision is help full to check human-elephant conflict .
DIGNIFICANCE:-
1) it is spreaded into 1048.30 km.
2) In Chattishgarh state their are 5 fivision in which elephant is found.
3) only in norh Chattishgarhthe number of elephant is found in 240. But before some time 150 elephant had died . due to search of food elephant moving into Chattishgarh to odisha to jharkhand .

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshedpur womens college, jamshedpur jharkhand

Proposed by Assembly in 2005 and approved by Central Government in 2007. Located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh. Aim - To reduce the human- animal conflict and destruction of the property apart from providing habitat to the elephants.....
5) Lemru elephant reserve is develop in 1995.48 square kelo meter .142 villege come under the elephant reserve . Initially proposed area was 450 sq. km, but State Government in 2019 decided to increase the area to 1995 sq. km. But the forest department asked to reduce the size to 450 sq. km to save the coalmines becoming unusable of diverse biozone Hasdeo Aranya forests, of which the reserve is a part of. Chhattisgarh inhabitates around 240 elephants. More than 150 have died in the last 20 years. Elephants in Chhattisgarh are relatively new, hence human - animal conflict started as they started straying into inhabited areas in search of food.

Shivangi Jain Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

The reserve is located in korba district of Chattisgarh. The reserve is aiming at reducing human animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanent habitat to the elephant. The state government notified the reserve ( conservation reserve ) in oct 202 under section 36A of the wild life ( protection ) act 1972 ( WLPA). .... Elephant reserve are recognized under the WLPA. Reason the reducing size - The area proposed under the reserve is part of the Hasdo Aranya Forest, a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposit. The biggest challenge in increase the reserve area was the several coal mines and would become unusable. The animal were relatively new, human animal conflict started once elephant started straying into inhibited area, looking for food.

Monika Saini MGSU university, bikaner ( Rajasthan)

Lemru elephant reserve is located in the korba district of chhattishgarh. Key points of the reserve:
1. This reserve aiming is to reduce human animal conflict and give the elephants a permanent habitat to live.
2. Earlier , the state govt. Notified it in October 2020 under section 36A of wild life protection act , 1972. .... Elephant reserve are recognized under the WLPA.
Reason the reducing size - The area proposed under the reserve is part of the Hasdo Aranya Forest, a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposit. The biggest challenge in increase the reserve area was the several coal mines and would become unusable. The animal were relatively new, human animal conflict started once elephant started straying into inhibited area, looking for food.

Sujata Bera Egara Sarada Shashi Bhusan collage (west Bengal)

1) Elephants are keystone species. The reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh.
2) Recently the Chhattisgarh govt. has proposed to reduce the Area of lembru elephant reserve from 1995 sq. Km. to 450 sq km.
3) The reserve is Aiming at reduce Human animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanent habitat to the elephants.....
4) The main reason to reduce the reserve area is that , the area is very diverse biozone that is also rich in COAL deposit.
5) The biggest challenge in increasing the reserve area was that several COAL MINES would become UNUSABLE.

Biswaranjan Mahanta Ranchi University, Jharkhand

The reserve is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh .(2005-2007) It is a part of an elephant corridor that connects Lemru,Badalkhol and Tamorpingala. Area in 2005 - 450 sqkm and in 2019 - state govt. decided to increase the area to 1,995 sqkm. Why the reserve important bcoz more than 150 elephants have died in the state over the last 20 years.The reserve is aiming at reducing human - animal conflict and destruction of property in addition to providing a permanant habitat to the elephants..... Elephant reserve are not recognised under the WLPA. Reason for reducing size = Recently the Chhattisgarh govt. has proposed to reduce the area of this reserve from 1,995 sqkm to 450 sqkm bcoz the area proposed under the reserve is part of the Hasdeo Aranya Forests ,a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposits. The biggest challange in increase area was that several coal mines would become unusable.

Priyanka verma Seth GB podar college nawalgarh.

The 'Lemru Elephant Reserve" was proposed by lagislative assembly and passes with agreement in 2005( area 495 square K.M.) in Corba didtrict of Chhatishgarh , it is also approved by central goverment in 2007 .The main theam of of this reserve is prevent conflict between elephant and human . It is the elephant corridor which connected Lemru,Badalkhol and Tamorpinghla reserve.... After that in 2011 current goverment(B.J.P) issued notification for the establishment of reserve in 1143 squre kilometer area , But on 2019 the current state goverment (Congrace) given dicision to increase area 1995 squre Kilometer. Butagain few months ago stste goverment said that decrease the reserve area from 1995 to 495 square kilometer because of rural populationan and public reprentative requested for the decrease the area of reserve . The proposed area come under the part of the Hardev Aranya forest , whereas the forest is rich in coal reserve. Some specialist said that if the land come in to reserve area mine will be unusable.
The mojor importance of the reserve is that usually elephant found in the 5 divisions of the chhatishgarh more than 240 elephsant are found in the North Chhattishgarh . In the past 2 decades more than 150 elphant are died due to human-elephant conflict , Which are coming from the Orisha and Jharkhand for food resources.The main objective of reserve to prevent human-elephant Conflict.

Devendra Yadav Jiwaji University , Gwaalior Madhya Pradesh

Why Great barrier reef dying ? Any 4 Reasons.....

The measure four reasons of Great barrier reef dying 1)coal, 2)Bleaching,3) Acidification, 4) Poor Water Quality
1)COAL: coal is dying drying industry & it also damage the great barrier reef health coal is dirty energy source that is accelerating climate change near coal companies plans degragade near by area this put turtle & clown fish we love at risk....
2) BLEACHING: coarl bleaching occour when the ocean stay at higher than normal temp causing coral to expel algae,zooxanthellae,that live on them algae losing put stress on the coarl and causes turnly complete white
3) ACIDIFICATION: Great barrier reef fell the effect the most & even a slight increase in acidity can lead to death for area of reef it take about 50 year for the effect of acidification reverse so if climate change now, the reef may never be able to recover.
4)POOR WATER QUALITY :Great barrier reefs,water quality is unlikely to meet the sediment & nitrogenous target The water was also becoming agriculture causing pesticides fertilizer and animals waste to enter ocean and degregade water quality , The cloudy water makes photosynthesis difficult resulting in less of algae the corral desprately need

Nilofar shaikh Solapur University

Australia's Great Barrier Reef is one of the world's seven natural wonder, it is the largest coral reef system and the biggest living structure on the planet. It is spread over 344,400 sq.km., an area so large that it can be seen from space. It supports diverse marine population in underwater ecosystem. This richness and uniqueness make the reef crucial for tourism and also holds a great scientific interest. These Reef has became highly vulnerable. In the past three decades, it has lost half its coral cover due to :....
1)Coral bleaching* :It is result of global warming caused by the mining and burning of fossil fuels like coal. Global warming is heating our oceans, and if the water stays too hot for too long, corals bleach and die.
2)Farm pollution* :Nitrogen run-off from farms can also lead to algal blooms, which starfish larvae feed on, promoting population explosions.
3)Fishing* :Poor management of commercial, recreational and Indigenous fishing is increasing the threats to many of Queensland's threatened species including dugongs, turtles and inshore dolphins.
4)Industrialization* :Port expansion leads to clearing of the seafloor, increased shipping traffic, and also causing buildup of toxic compounds in water and sediments such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from oil and coal.

Gayatri Asawa

The reef should be put on a list of world heritage sites that are "in danger" UNESCO.... Reason -
1. Australia's great barrier reef has lost more than half of it's coral since 1995 due to warmer seas driven by climate change.
2. Reef lost due to increasing green house gas emission.....
3. Coral bleaching is the result of global warming caused by mining and burning of fossile fuel like coral.
4. The great barrier reef dying by ocean acidification. Ocean acidification expected to occur if atmospheric car an dioxide surpassed 500 parts per million is likely to limit the capacity of the reef to recover from bleaching.Thank you...

Monika Saini MGSU university, bikaner ( Rajasthan )

The great barrier Reef - it is the World largest Coral reef system which is composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching over 2,300km over an area of 348700 square kilometre. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of queensland Australia.
What is Coral reef? Coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef building Corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of Coral polyps held together by calcium carbonates Reason of Coral dying-....
1.Climate change- it is the greatest threat to the great barrier Reef and threatening it's very existence. Growing of rising water temperature due to global warming
2.Water Quality- increasing sediment, nutrient and contaminants combined with rising sea temp. And ocean acidification are damaging the reef.
3.Crown of thorns starfish- when the Coral eating starfish appears in outbreak proportion, the impact on Coral reef can be disastrous.
4.Coastal development- as Queensland continues to grow so does development along the coast and islands adjacent to the great barrier reef region.. Like horticulture.

Neha Tiwari TRS COLLEGE REWA MP

The great barrier reaf is really being overwhelmed with different stress. Reason
1.the biggest problem is global warming and burning fossile fule.
2.the ocean set to warm.
3. Two - three of the reef have been affected by bleaching.....
4.the cons.carban dioxide in the ocean increase and ph decrease and higly acidic.

Devendra Kumar sahu ATAL VIHARI BAJPAYEE UNIVERSITY BILASAPUR CHHATTISGARH

1- due to climatic change, rising ocean temperature,warming waters
2- pollution,human induced global warming
3-ocean acidification
4-over fishing and physical destruction, .... They all are major factors that killing Great barrier reefs around the world. scientists may have solutions but the clock is ticking, Marine protected areas/cool the unusually warm sea temperature and regenerating the coral can help to save reef... Thankyou sir for teaching us.

Suboohi Iqbal Mahatma jyotiba phule rohilkhand University bareilly

Australia's Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals since 1995 due to warmer seas driven by climate change,a study has found. Climate change:- The warming water and the increasing acidity of the water from Co2 inputs are pushing the reefs past the point of no return.....
Global warming:- Biggest problem is caused by global warming and burning of fossil fuels. When ocean get too warm the coral polyps are loose their food source and coloring and they look white this term is called bleaching. Bleaching doesn't kill corals by itself but weaknes the corals and makes them valnerable to disease. Carbon dioxide:- when co2 enters the ocean it dissolves as the concentration of carbon dioxide in the ocean increases the oceans pH decreases and become more acidic. This higher acidity prevent coral from absorbing the calcium carbonate that they need to maintain their exoskeleton. Pollution:- sediment, nutrient and pesticides pollution from catchment run-off is also affecting the health and resilience of the Reef Ecosystem.

Rekha Prasadrao Pawar Srtmu Nanded

Coral reefs the 'rainforest of the sea' are some of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystem on the earth. They occupy less than 1% of the ocean floor, yet are home to more than a quarter of all marine species: Crustaceans, reptiles, seaweeds, bacteria, fungi, and over 4000 species of fish makes their home in coral reefs. Coral reefs provide food and resources for more than 500 million people in over 100 countries and territories. But tragically coral reefs are in crisis.....
Coral reefs are endangered by a variety of factors, including: natural phenomenon such as hurricanes , EI Nino, and diseases , local threat such as overfishing destructive fishing technique , costal development , pollution careless tourism and the global effect of climate change warming seas and increasing levels of CO2 in the water. According to reefs at risk revisited a report by the world resources. Institute ,75% pf the worlds coral reefs are at risk from local to global stress. About a quarter of them have already been damaged beyond repair , if it continues with business as usual, 90% of coral reefs will be in danger by 2030, and nearly all of them by 2050.
1.Local threats to coral reefs, overfishing and damaging fishing technique such as deep water trawling and the use of explosives and cyanides, are most destructive. When herbivorous fish that eat seaweeds growth can smother corals.
2.Costal development results in erosion, and runoff containing the excess sediments can block zooxanthellae need. Nutrients rich fertilizers runoff and seawages effluents can boost algae growth which starves the water oxygen causing eutrophication. Pollution from land including hot water releases from power plants, pathogens and trash and form Marine activities , such as Fuel leaks and oil spills also endangered coral reefs. Tourism while relying on the appeal of coral reefs, can be damaging when careless diverse trample on corals or break off pieces as souvenirs, In addition more and more corals and tropical fish are being harvested for the aquarium trade. A recent study in Pacific ocean found that plastic pollution is killing corals too. When coral reefs come into contact with plastic waste, the incidence of disease rise 20 folds.
3. Natural phenomenon that coral reefs includes predators such as parrotfish barnacles, crabs and crown of thorns starfish and disease. Hurricanes or prolonged cold and rainy weather can harm corals. The EI Nino weather pattern which can result in lower sea level, altered salinity due too much rainfall and elevated sea surface temperature, can also damage coral (Ocean absorb 93% of climate change heat).
4. When coral overheat ,they react to the stress by expelling their algae, which result in coral bleaching. Bleaching leaves coral to vulnerable to disease , stunt their growth affect their reproduction and can impact other species that depends on coral communities severe bleaching kills them. The average temperature of tropical oceans has increased by 0.1degree Celsius over the past century. This combined with natural fluctuation of warmer ocean temperature has resulted in extensive coral bleaching around the globe, involve thousands of square miles of reefs bleaching when warm temperature drives out color giving algae causing to coral to turn white due to global warming.

Anamika Kasaundhan Lucknow university

Human impact on coral reefs is significant. Here are 4 important reason for barrier reef dying --
(2)- Other dangers include disease, destructive fishing practices and warming oceans.....
(3)- Factors that affect coral reefs include the ocean's role as a carbon dioxide sink, atmospheric changes, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, viruses, impacts of dust storms carrying agents to far-flung reefs, pollutants, algal blooms and others.
(4)- Reefs are threatened well beyond coastal areas. Climate change, such as warming temperatures, causes coral bleaching, which if severe kills the coral.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching over 2,300 km. This reef is located in the Coral Sea, off coast of Queensland,Australia. It's structure is composed by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps.
Great Barrier Reef is at a critical tipping point. Recently Australian Government downgraded the reef's future outlook from 'poor' to 'very poor'. Some of the reasons are:-....
1. CLIMATE CHANGE:- It is the key reason for reef's decline causing ocean warming which leads to Coral Bleaching. Due to global warming, mass coral bleaching events occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002, 2016 and majorly in 2017 and 2020. In 2020 Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of it's coral due to warmer seas by climate change. Warm ocean water caused Corel to expel the symbiotic colorful algae, needs to survive. Without this, Coral can't get the nutrient and will starve to death.This cause stripping off the color of reef to white called Coral bleaching.
2. LOCAL POLLUTION:-Another key reason faced by Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declined water quality. Neighbouring rivers pollute reef during tropical flood events. 90% of pollution comes from farm run-off. It also includes change in salinity, herbicide concentration, heavy metal sediments such as copper, and other sunscreen non-biodegradable ingredients by tourism- oxybenzone, butyl paraben or enzacamene;etc, spilling of oil and chemicals.
3. OVER FISHING :- Unsustainable overfishing of keystone species disrupt food chains vital to Coral reef life. This also results in oxygen starvation caused by an increase in zooplankton levels because there will be no predator for them.
4.LOSS OF COASTAL WETLANDS:- Run-off problems cause loss of coastal wetlands , which acts as a natural filter for toxins and help in increasing SEDIMENTATION due to slit run-off containing farm chemicals into the reef environment and also reduces amount of light available to corals decreasing their ability to extract energy.

Vibhuti Agarwal

What you know about Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary ? Any 10 Points.....

"DIBANG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY"
1)The Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the eight wildlife sanctuaries of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2)It is located in the Upper Dibang Valley district covering an area of 4,149 km2.
3)The Sanctuary is near Indo-China boundary towards Dambing outpost
4)It is rich in wildlife. Rare mammals such as Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer, red panda, Asiatic black bear, occasional tiger and Gongshan muntjac occurs there.....
5)Among birds there are the rare Sclater's monal and Blyth's tragopan.
6)A flying sqirrel,new to science has been recently discovered from the edge of this sanctuary. It has been named the Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel.
7)The vegetation of Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is of temperate and alpine type.
8)The Sanctuary consists of numerous Perennial River, stream and there is one snow lake namely 'kahaiwhite'.
9) It is a cooler place as the altitude varies from 1800m to 5000m.
10)Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh.

Gayatri Asawa

(1) The Dibang wildlife sanctuary is one of the eight wildlife sanctuaries .
(2) It is located nearby Anini district, Arunachal Pradesh.
(3) The Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary lies adjacent to the Mouling National Park, and was declared as one of the major bio-diversity hotspots of the world by UNESCO in 1988.
(4) The Eastern part of the Himalayas consists of Eastern Tibet, the Yamana province of South China, Hainan the Northern part of the Indo-China, Burma and northern part of Thailand.
(5) Ranging between the altitude of 1800m and 5000m, the sanctuary is spread across an area of 4149 sq km .....
(6) Rare mammals such as Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer , red panda, Asiatic black bear, occasional tiger and Gongshan muntjac occur while among birds there are the rare Sclater's monal and Blyth's tragopan found.
(7) A flying sqirrel , has been recently discovered.
(8) In the wildlife reserve you will be able to see plants like rhododendron nivals, sedum, saxifraga, rthomaonii, saussaurea, arenaria, pheum etc.
(9) The sanctuary region experiences extreme freezing temperatures .The rainfall, too, is heavy .
(10) The Eastern Himalayan ecosystem houses a number of frog species, almost 45 species of moths, butterflies and numerous insects.

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

1)It is situated in Anini in Arunachal Pradesh and one of the major biodiversity places and houses of unique species of flora and fauna.
2)Dibang is also houses of rare birds like sclater's monal and Blyth's tragopan.
3)In Dibang we will also see the plants like rhododendron,nivals,sedum,phenum,etc.
4)It is also houses for rare species like asiatic black bear,tigers,red panda,and musk deer which are of at least two species.
5)Laying in altitude of about 5000 meter it is also houses snow leopards and clouded leopard in the zone.....
6)Dibang wildlife sanctuary nestles amidst the dramatic mountains,snow covered peaks, deep gorges,dense forests and shimmering rivers.
7) This sanctuary experiences extremes freezing temperatures in the winter ,accompanied by snowfall of nearly 6m to 10 m depth.
8)The best season to visit this sanctuary is during winter season between the month of November and April .
9)A stretch of bright colored gregarious flowering can be spotted during the month of May and june .
10)A flying squirrel ,named Mishmi Hills Giant Flying Squirrel is among the latest one to have been discovered and spotted at the edge of this sanctuary.

Shradha Sharma SPM ,Pune university

1. This sanctuary is located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
2. Spread in Dibang valley ( approximate 4149 sq km) district above the state.
3.The department of environment and forest are established in 1992 by Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
4. A flying squirrel ( Petaurista mishmiensis) was discovered on the side of the sanctuary.
5 In summer, the temperature range from 18 to 22 degree centigrade and there generally heavy rainfall......
6. Migration is usually found in seasonal variation due to food crisis.
7. Flora _ Temparat and alpine type.
8. Fauna _ Herbivore are found.
9. Kahai white mean lake in the middle of flower valley.
10. This unique genetic and ecological gesture very rare phenomenon.

Monika Saini MGSU University, Bikaner ( Rajasthan)

1- The Dibang wildlife Sanctuary is one of the 8th wild life sanctuary located nearby Anini district Andhra pradesh.
2- recently discovered A Giant flying squirrel (Mishmi Hills)
3- this district has a population density of 0.8 inhabitants per square km.
4- its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.3%.
5- Dibang valley has a sex ratio of 808 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 64.8%.....
6- The temperature ranges between 18�C and 22�C during summer.
7- it receives heavy rainfall from south west and north east monsoon.
8- it consists of vegetation of moist temperate and alpine type.
9- it is popular biodiversity hotspot because of various species like musk dear, red panda etc
10 - The sanctuary is rich in wildlife.

Suboohi iqbal Mahatma jyotiba phule rohilkhand University bareilly

1)it is locatedin Arunachal pradesh establish in 1998.the "MOULING NATIONAL PARK" and the Dibang wild life sancturyare located in this biosphere reserve.the name dibang wild life sanctury is tributary of dibang river .
2)the reserve spreaded over 3 distict dibang valley,upper sainy and west siang.
3) the elevation in the reserve range up to more than 5000m (16000ft) above the sea level.
4) it cover the high mountain of eastern Himalya and Mishmi hils.
5) the habitat in dihang dibang range from tropical not evergreen in the river gorges to subtropical,temparete ,alpine,and parmanent snow.....
6)flora:-natural vegetaion streaching in an unbroken sequence from the tropics to mountain tundra. It can be grass land , bamboo breaks, alpine meadow,temparate conifer, sub alpine woody shrub etc..
7)rich representation of Orchids Rhododendrons.
8)fauna:-distribution of large animal like tiger ,snow leopard ,red serow, red panda,vulnarable Antelop etc..
9) birds:-among various birds there are rareSelater is Monal and Blyths tragopan.two flying squirrels etc...have been discovered .
10)also great Indian vulnarable hornbill is stae bird of Arunachal pradesh is present.

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshedpur womens college,jamshedpur

1- The Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the eight wildlife sanctuaries of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2- it is located in the Upper Dibang Valley district covering an area of 4,149 km square (1,602 sq mi).
3- The sanctuary is rich in wildlife.
4- Rare mammals such as Mishmi takin,red goral, Musk deer, Red panda, Asiatic black deer, occasional tiger and Gongshan muntjac occur while among birds there are the rare Sclater's monal and Blyth' s tragopan. The sanctuary is very rich in animal population.
5- A flying squirrel, new to science has been recently discovered from the edge of this sanctuary.it has been named the Mishmi Hills faint flying squirrel ( Petaurista mishmiensis).....
6- Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is located fully or partly within Dihang- Dibang Biosphere Reserve.
7- It is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh.
8- it is a cooler place as the altitude varies from 1800m to 5000m.
9-The area falls with the monsoon zone and precipitation is received from both the southwest and North- East monsoon.
10- The vegetation of Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is of temperate and alpine type. The vegetation are- Tsuga, Abies, Pinus walli chinana Rhododendron arboretum, Taxus baccata and bamboo forest etc are present.

Nidhi Verma Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University (Ayodhya)

1. Dibang wildlife Sanctuary is the located in the Dibang Valley Anini district, Arunachal Pradesh.
2.The Dibang wildlife sanctuary is one of the eight wildlife sanctuaries 2.The area of sanctuary is 4149 Sq.km.Itis hilly area which contain very high steep.
3.The climatic condition of sanctuary, it is colder region as the altitude varies from 1800m to 5000 m and the temperature is 18-22�C in summer with that snowfall observe in winter.
4.Rainfall in the sanctuary due to both the southwest and North-East Monsoon is responsible for precipitation.
5.80% of total rainfall occur due to South-West monsoon whereas start from the may to october.....
6. The Dibang wildlife sanctuary contain various river and streams as Tangor, Ithun, Matum, Ashun, Ahi, Etire Nallah, Echi Nallah, Emma Nallah, Chunna Nallah, Thong, Jionning, Tangon Nallah, Edzon river and Edza Nallah.
7.It is one snow lake near the international Indo-China boundary. The Name of the lake is kahaiwhite just below the highest peak locally called "Kahaii Kala".
8. Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary having both type of temperate and alpine type of fauna,flora.
9.Pant like rhododendron nivals, sedum, saxifraga, rthomaonii, saussaurea, arenaria, pheum etc.And animal like such as mishmi takin, asiatic black bear, tigers, gongshan muntjac, red panda, red goral and musk deer which are of at least two species.
10.The composition of flora depends mainly on the locality factor i.e. climatic, Topographic, Edaphic factor.

Devendra Yadav Jiwaji University Gwalior Madhya Pradesh

1) Location: - Upper Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh
2) Rich biodiversity of the sanctuary: - Because of the myriad of geographical features present ranging from the snow-clad Himalayas, forests to rivers and deep gorges.
3) Flora: - Broad leaved, temperate coniferous, alpine vegetation
4) Fauna: - Leopards (snow, clouded), musk deer, red panda, macaques, frogs, butterflies, snakes, etc.
5) Climate: - 18-22�C (summers), snowfall (winters), heavy rainfall (monsoon)....
6) Best time to visit: - November-May
7) Altitude: - 1800-5000 m
8) Area: - 4149 km2
9) Unique features: - Valley of Flowers, Snow Lake
10) Indigenous tribe: - Idu Mishmi

Tejas Karandikar SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Autonomous), Sion, Mumbai

1) It is located in the upper Dibang valley in Arunanchal Pradesh, covering 1602 Sq. Km area.
2) It lies in the higher mountainous areas of the mishmi hills.
3) It is the source of Dibang River and It's tributaries.
4) In this region vegetation ranges from Temperate broad leaf to Alpine shrub
5) It is a biodiversity rich zone....
Four globally vulnerable species such as Red breasted Hill Patridge, beautiful Nuthatch, Blyth's Tragopan and Sclater's Monal has been recorded.
7) There are also many noteworthy species such as Golden Eagle, Himalayan Monal and Himalayan Griffon has also been seen.
8) The major and rare mammals has also been recorded such as Snow leopard, Asiatic black beer, Red panda, musk deer and Taikin.
9) The Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel has recently been discovered from this sanctuary.
10) Ward's Trogon, a near threatened and restricted range species has also been recorded from this zone.

Biswajita Mahapatra Central University of Odisha

Any 5 Resent updates in threatened species categories in 2021..

"DIBANG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY"
1)The Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the eight wildlife sanctuaries of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2)It is located in the Upper Dibang Valley district covering an area of 4,149 km2.
3)The Sanctuary is near Indo-China boundary towards Dambing outpost
4)It is rich in wildlife. Rare mammals such as Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer, red panda, Asiatic black bear, occasional tiger and Gongshan muntjac occurs there.....
5)Among birds there are the rare Sclater's monal and Blyth's tragopan.....
6)A flying sqirrel,new to science has been recently discovered from the edge of this sanctuary. It has been named the Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel.
7)The vegetation of Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is of temperate and alpine type.
8)The Sanctuary consists of numerous Perennial River, stream and there is one snow lake namely 'kahaiwhite'.
9) It is a cooler place as the altitude varies from 1800m to 5000m.
10)Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh.

Jitendra saini Stani memorial pg college, Rajasthan university

National Endangered Species Day is observed every year on the third Friday of May. This year it falls on May 21. Poaching, climate change, habitat destruction, fragmentation, have been major causes in the endangerment of several species, globally.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List which is the most thorough inventory comprising the conservation status of the plant and animal species, worldwide; has reported that around 37,400 species are under the "threatened with extinction" category.
While National Endangered Species Day emphasizes on the global conservation of endangered species. 5 critically endangered species on IUCN Red list, that are threatened with global extinction:....
1.Red vented cockatoo:- It is a 12-inch white bird with reddish undertail that can be mostly spotted in Phillipines. Due to illegal trapping, now this bird's population has come down to 180 and hence tagged critically endangered.
2.Ganges shark:- Found in the Ganges, Brahmaputra rivers of India and Bangladesh, this species of shark is very rare and has decreased considerably in number. As a result it features among the 20 sharks on the IUCN red list of critically endangered shark species.
3.Hawksbill turtle:- This is a critically endangered sea turtle inhabiting the tropical reefs of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific ocean. The IUCN list reports that there has been 80% decline in the Hawksbill turtle's population in 100 years.
4.Amur Leopard:- One of the rarest cats on the planet, Amur Leopard is listed under the critically endangered category. Inhabitants of far east Russia, this leopard can be sighted in the north-eastern China, north-west Korea as well. It's population was found to have reduced to 90 as per 2019 statistical data.
5.Indian vulture:- This medium-sized bulky 'Old World vulture' weighing 6.3 kg is native to Pakistan, Nepal and India. Owing to the rapid dip (97%) in its population, it features under the 'critically endangered' section on the IUCN Red List.

Pawan Kumar Ghoslaya University of Rajasthan

Obserbed in this year it falls on May 21. Poaching, climate change, habitat destruction, fragmentation, have been major causes in the endangerment of several species, globally.
1.Red vented cockatoo: It is a 12-inch white bird with reddish undertail that can be mostly spotted in Phillipines.
2.Ganges shark: Found in the Ganges, Brahmaputra rivers of India and Bangladesh.....
3.Hawksbill turtle: This is a critically endangered sea turtle inhabiting the tropical reefs of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific ocean.
4.Amur Leopard: One of the rarest cats on the planet, Amur Leopard is listed under the critically endangered category.
5.Indian vulture: This medium-sized bulky 'Old World vulture' weighing 6.3 kg is native to Pakistan, Nepal and India.

Deepak Singh U.p. college varanasi Uttar pradesh

1)Threatened species categorise those species(animals and plants)who are prone to being endangered and extinct. This year, National endangered species day was commemorated at 21st may.
2)This year, African forest elephants are now enlisted in the category of the threatened species (IUCN RED LIST).
3)To save the valuable, unique and numerous species from being extinct, New threatened species strategy(2021-2031)is introduced and sets the Australian government to protect and recover the threatened species.....
4)prioritisation principles are refreshed and identification is being done to include more prioritic species in additional taxa groups.
5)Focus will be extended in more key section areas for the recovery od threatened species.

Sagufa Sultana

1- Only Odisha have all the 3 species of crocodile which are critically endangered species in India(reptiles freshwater gharials at satkosia in Mahanadi, muggers in bhitarkanika national park and salt water crocodiles)
2- Pakistan permits Dubai royal Rashid Al Maktoum and 5 others to hunt "HOUBARA BUSTARD".(critically endangered)
3-New Zealand's action to save MAUI DOLPHINS found only in West coast of new Zealand no where else. They are 1 of the Smallest dolphin's subspecies globally left only 63.....
4- zoological survey of India has released a study titled ' Adaptive Spatial planning of protected area network for conserving the HIMALAYAN BROWN BEAR' .It is 1 of the largest carnivores in the Highlands of Himalaya.(critically endangered)
5-NBWL(National board of wildlife) has approved an Action plan for VULTURE CONSERVATION.Out of 23 species of vulture in the world 9 are found in India.

Shobhna Arya University of lucknow

1.Indian vulture or old world vulture(India,Pakistan,Nepal )hance tagged critically endangered.
2.IUCN has reported that around 37400 species (Amphibians-41%,Fishes36%,Birds-14%) are under the threatened species
3.Red vented cockatoo bird (Philippines ) hence tagged critically endangered. ....
4.Hawksbill turtle (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific ocean ) has been 80% decline in 100 years.
5.Amur leopard (Russia, Korea,China) have reduced to 90 per as 2019.

Ramji Lal Kumawat Arya SPRC GOVT.COLLEGE AJMER

A Threatened species is any plant and animal species is at risk of extinction. the IUCN-international union of conservation of nature is the foremost authority on theatened species. Threatened species are also referred as Red listed species, as they listed in IUCN Red list of threatened species.National endangered species day is held every year on the 3rd Friday of the May. Now this year IUCN listed 5 critically endangered species on IUCN red list....
1. Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus)
Location-found in Ganges, Brahmaputra river in India, and Bangladesh.
This species of shark is very rare and decrease considerably.
Report 20 sharks on iucn Red list of critically endangered species.
2. Indian vulture (Gyps indicus)
Location-India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
This is medium sized bulky old-world vulture.
Report under critically endangered section on the IUCN Red list.
Due to rapid decline in its population about 97%.
3. Red Vanted Cockatoo (Cactua haematuropygia)
Location-mushkil spotted in Philippines.
It is 12 inch white bird with reddish under tail.
Due to illegal trafficking now this bird population has come down to 180 and now it tagged critically endangered.
4.Hawksbill turtle
Location-graphical reefs of Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean.
Report there has been a 80% decline of turtles population in hundred years.
5.Amur leopard (p.pardus)
Location-inhibited far East Russia, this can be sighted in the North eastern China , North west Korea as well.
One of the rarest cat on the planet.
its population was found to have reduced to 90 as per 2019 statistical data.

R.G. Shivaji University, Kolhapur

1. Definition - Does not qualify for critically endangered endangered or vulnerable now, but is close to qualify for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
2. Criteria - Reduction in population size.Small range ( extent of occurrence)Small and decline population Example - Sand cat, sispara day gecko
3. Range Description - Only found in the true desert, northern Africa, southwest and central asia.....
4. Habitat and ecology - Specialist of sand desert, localized around spare regetation which can support small area.
5.Major threat - Habitat degradation. Major threat by human settlement and livestock grazing.

Monika Saini MGSU university, Bikaner ( Rajasthan)

The threatened category includes critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable. The following enlists some of the recently added threatened species:-
1.African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclitis)-Critically Endangered
2.African Savana Elephant (Loxodonta africana)-Endangered
3. Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis)-Endangered....
4. Lost Shark (Carcharhinus obsoletus)- Critically Endangered
5.North Atlantic Right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) - Critically Endangered

Shubham Mahapatra Utkal University, Odisha

According to IUCN 9 Threatened category- Extinct(EX), Extinct in wild(EW) , Critically endangered(CR), Endangered(EN) , Vulnerable(VU), Near threatened(NT), least concern(LC), Data deficient (DD), Not evaluate (NE).
1. Population size reduction over the 3 generation due to some reasons like Pollutant, competition, pathogen or may be reason for this not ceased. CR>80-90% EN>50-70% VU>30-50%
2. Decline in area occupancy,quality of habitat. CR<10km^2 ,EN<500km^2 ,VU <2000 km^2....
3.Decline in population size, extreme fluctuations in no.of mature ones.CR<250 ,EN<2500, VU<10000
4. Very small or restricted population- for VU category nearly to become endangered or CE . Mature ones no. - CR<50 EN< 250 VU<1000 occupancy< 20km^2 or 5 subpopulations left only.
5. Probability of extinction in wild also-CR>50% in 3 generation EN> 20% in 5 generations, VU >100%in 100 years.

Karishma Sharma

Recently many species are declining in number and are at risk of extinction due to range of threatened species.
As the report at 30 april 2021, there were 1020 threatened species(236 animals, 784 plants) listed as threatened species under Queensland Nature Conservation Act, 1992.
Some of threatened species of amphibians are-
1. Waterfall frog - Litoria nannotis - Endangered
2. Australian lacelid - Litoria dayi - Vulnerable
3. Elephant frog - Cophixalus cocinnus - Critically Endangered....
Some of threatened species of birds are-
1. Swift Parrot - Lathamus discolor - Endangered
2. Powerful owl - Ninox strenua - Vulnerable
3. Rogent honeyeater - Anthochaera phrygia - Critically Endangered
Some of threatened species of mammals are-
1. Proserpine rock -wallaby - Petrogale Persephone - Endangered
2. Water mouse - Xeromys myoides - Vulnerable
3. Northern hairy nose wombat - Lasiorhinus krefftii - Critically Endangered
Some of threatened species of flowering plants are-
1. Ravine orchid - Sarochilus fitzgeraldii - Endangered
2. Silver boodyara - Aglaia argentena - Vulnerable
3. Queensland western whitegum - Eucalyptus argoploia - Critically Endangered

Ecological Principle Challenge Questions And Responses

Shubham Rathod Sardar Patel University

Ravi Srivastava University of Lucknow

Krishnakshi Misra Rajiv Gandhi Central University

Areena Delhi University

Iftisam Gulzar central university of kashmir

Raj Ojha University of Kota

Shafia Jan Central university of Kashmir

Nidhi verma Bhanmati smarak p.g. college

Pawan Kumar Ghoslaya BBD Govt. PG,College, Chimanpura, Shahpura, Jaipur, Raj.

Sumedh Sunil Chavan

Twinkle Gupta Dr. Harisingh gour university, sagar

Shyam Singh bisht Kumaon University Nainital Uttarakhand

Dhirangkana Bora Visva Bharati University

Yogesh VPO Ballah District Karnal Haryana

Annu Yadav Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Arizoo Hamid University of Kashmir

Gayatri Asawa

Tripti Tonk DAV PG College Dehradun

Soumyadip Ghosh Tripura University

Harshita Bunkar St. Thomas College ,Bhilai

Ashwani Anand M G K V P Varanasi Utter pradesh

Twinkle Gupta Dr. Harisingh gour university

Vina M. Mangalkar RTMNU, Nagpur

Mauli Dey Bethune College

Gayatri Asawa

Arizoo University of Kashmir

Rimpa Pal The university of Burdwan

Bindu sharma Banasthali Vidyapith

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Mansi Gupta Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Shradha SPU

RAMYA OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

Jaswinder singh University of jammu

Ashwani Anand M G K V P Varanasi Utter predesh

Jyoti University of Delhi

Pradnya Prakash Jadhav Shivaji university kolhapur

KARISHMA SHARMA Brij University

Nidhi verma Bhanmati smarak p.g. college

Arizoo University of Kashmir

Shradha Sharma Dr.shyama Prasad Mukherjee University

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Gayatri Asawa

Annu Yadav Village Bankipur Rani Ki Sarai Azamgarh

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshespur woes college,jamshedpur jharkhand.

Dipanjan Das Raiganj University

Nidhi Verma Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh university (Ayodhya)

Sujata bera Vill - Hamarjita, P.O- Rasan , Dist - purba medinipur , West Bengal

Vibhuti Agarwal

Khushbu Afrin Magadh university ,Bodh Gaya (Bihar)

Gayatri Asawa

Jaswinder singh University of jammu

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar rajasthan

Radha Nayakwadi Shree. Vanketeshwara college of science, peth.

Nidhi Verma Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University ( Ayodhya)

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshedpur womens college ,jamshedpur

Sujata bera Egra sarada shashi bhushan collage (vidyasagar university) west bengal

Vibhuti Agarwal Egra sarada shashi bhushan collage (vidyasagar university) west bengal

Bhawana Choudhary St. Wilfred's girls pg college, Jaipur

Komal Pawar Srtmu Nanded

Gayatri Asawa

Vikky Saini Department of Zoology university of Rajasthan

Himanshu sharma Raj Rishi College alwar Rajasthan

Nidhi Verma Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University (Ayodhya)

Tarannum khatoon siddiqui Jamshedpur womens college, jamshedpur jharkhand

Shivangi Jain Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Monika Saini MGSU university, bikaner ( Rajasthan)

Sujata Bera Egara Sarada Shashi Bhusan collage (west Bengal)

Biswaranjan Mahanta Ranchi University, Jharkhand

Priyanka verma Seth GB podar college nawalgarh.

Devendra Yadav Jiwaji University , Gwaalior Madhya Pradesh

Nilofar shaikh Solapur University

Gayatri Asawa

Monika Saini MGSU university, bikaner ( Rajasthan )

Neha Tiwari TRS COLLEGE REWA MP

Devendra Kumar sahu ATAL VIHARI BAJPAYEE UNIVERSITY BILASAPUR CHHATTISGARH

Suboohi Iqbal Mahatma jyotiba phule rohilkhand University bareilly

Rekha Prasadrao Pawar Srtmu Nanded

Anamika Kasaundhan Lucknow university